<html> <head> <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type"> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"> I am commenting solely about ligatures and how fonts define them. There are several kinds of ligatures you can define in a font. They are all drawn in the Private Use Area and accessed via glyph substitution tables. (You can make these tables using Microsoft's VOLT program). Lately, I see that if the character code assigned a glyph is not from the Unicode set, it is presumed to belong to PUA. The substitutions for standard ligatures will happen without any intervention by the application you use, even inside Microsoft Notepad and all editors in the Mac and Linux. Unfortunately, Microsoft Word (not Excel) still thinks Standard ligatures are not standard but have to be invoked by an Open Type setting. Obviously, somebody misinterpreted the standard they originally wrote. Also, in the Microsoft environment, the default encoding for plain text is ANSI. For consistent rendering, anything outside American English should be encoded as UTF-8. GERMAN: A Fraktur font ought to work perfectly if the ligatures are invoked as Standard ones. There is a complication with Eszett, though. Wikipedia gives the orthographic rule for Eszett as the shape of ss following long vowels and diphthongs. So, a substitution table needs to be made to enforce this rule. If for some reason this combination needs to be overridden, then the hidden character ZWNJ can be inserted between the two s letters. So, the keyboard needs to have a key to type the Zero-width-non-joiner. I made a font with 2500 ligatures to enforce the Sanskrit orthography for the Singhala script. It is actually, Romanized Singhala, much like Icelandic, optionally displayed using a Singhala smart font. By 2008, all browsers honored the formation of its Standard ligatures. Observe the concept here: <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="http://ahangama.com/edit.htm">http://ahangama.com/edit.htm</a> type this: 'vaarþþa' and then add an extra 'a' at the end to see how the complex ligature forms. Thanks JC <div class="moz-cite-prefix">On 10/3/2016 2:48 AM, Clock Source wrote: </div> <blockquote cite="mid:20161003104833.492012e7@bkstv.bks-tv.ru" type="cite"> <pre wrap="">On Sat, 1 Oct 2016 11:46:59 +0300 Ilya Anfimov <a class="moz-txt-link-rfc2396E" href="mailto:ilan@tzirechnoy.com"><ilan@tzirechnoy.com></a> wrote: </pre> <blockquote type="cite"> <pre wrap=""> Motif and xforms shows german ss ligature, but emits single (last entered) f instead of ff ligature and single (last entered) o instead of promille ligature. </pre> </blockquote> <pre wrap=""> Incredible. Sounds like a bug... </pre> </blockquote> </body> </html>